docs: trusted devices & MFA improvements (design + API/security/schema)

Add TRUSTED_DEVICES_MFA.md (the approved design/implementation plan) and fold
the feature into BACKEND_DESIGN §3 (trusted_devices + recovery_codes schema),
§4 (login/totp trust+recovery, /auth/me/trusted-devices*, recovery-codes*,
admin trusted-device + /mfa/reset routes), and §6 (trusted-device security
model + audit actions). Note the app-side trust/recovery flow in android PLAN §4.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 <noreply@anthropic.com>

android/PLAN.md

@@ -543,6 +543,27 @@ Uses the existing **mobile bearer** surface, no backend changes:
   `401` from a bearer call, with a mutex so concurrent 401s trigger only one refresh.
 - `POST /auth/mobile/logout` `{ refreshToken?, all? }` (requires bearer) — revoke this session or all
   sessions. Called on user logout and on "sign out everywhere."
+
+#### 4.1.1 Trusted devices & recovery codes — backend ready, app work sequenced after backend
+The backend trusted-device + recovery-code feature (canonical ref: `../website/TRUSTED_DEVICES_MFA.md`)
+is additive on the mobile surface; the app consumes it as follows (implemented **after** the backend
+lands, alongside the account screens):
+- **Login extras:** `POST /auth/mobile/login` accepts `recoveryCode` (a single-use alternative to
+  `code`), `trustDevice: true`, and an `X-Trust-Token` header. On the `401 { totpRequired }` screen,
+  offer "use a recovery code instead" and a **"Trust this device"** checkbox. When `trustDevice` is set
+  and accepted, the response carries `trustToken` → **store it in EncryptedSharedPreferences** (same
+  store as the bearer tokens, never plain prefs/logs) and send it as `X-Trust-Token` on future logins
+  to skip the TOTP prompt. A `{ trustLimitReached, devices }` response means show the device list and
+  prompt the user to revoke one (`DELETE /auth/me/trusted-devices/:id`) then retry.
+- **Self-service (account screens):** `GET /auth/me/trusted-devices`, `DELETE …/:id`, `DELETE
+  …/trusted-devices` (untrust all); `POST /auth/me/trusted-devices` to trust the current device from an
+  authenticated session (returns `{ trustToken }` for native). Recovery codes: enabling TOTP returns
+  the one-time `recoveryCodes` (show once, offer copy/share); `GET …/recovery-codes/status` for the
+  remaining count; `POST …/recovery-codes/generate` (password step-up) to regenerate.
+- **Invalidation:** on logout / dead-refresh sign-out / Settings→Server switch, **clear the stored
+  `trustToken`** along with the bearer tokens (a password change/reset or TOTP disable already revokes
+  it server-side).
+
 ### 4.2 Website-handled flows: registration, invite, forgot-password, SSO
 These are **not** rebuilt in the app. The app links out to the website's own pages/API and the user
 completes them in a Custom Tab, then returns and signs in natively (§4.1):

website/BACKEND_DESIGN.md

@@ -223,6 +223,28 @@ list/revoke surface: `device_name VARCHAR(100) NULL` (a friendly label) and `las
 NULL` (bumped on each refresh). Existing rows get them via the schema's ALTER section; the token model
 is otherwise unchanged.
 
+### trusted_devices  — MFA "Trust this device"
+
+Lets a browser/app **skip the TOTP step** at login (never the password) for 30 days. Pattern-identical
+to `mobile_refresh_tokens`: the opaque trust token lives client-side (the `rg_trust` httpOnly cookie on
+web, `X-Trust-Token` / EncryptedSharedPreferences on native) and only its **sha256** hash is stored
+(`token_hash CHAR(64) UNIQUE`) — sha256, not bcrypt, because a 256-bit random token is looked up **by
+its hash** via the unique index (a per-row salt would break that). Columns mirror the mobile table
+(`platform`, `device_name`, `device_hash`, `user_agent`, `created_at`, `last_used_at`, `expires_at`,
+`revoked_at`). Capped at 10 rows/user **in application code — no silent pruning** (an over-cap trust is
+refused so the client can prompt the user to revoke one first). Consulted only at the login/password
+step, never at token refresh, and revoked wholesale on untrust / password change / password reset /
+TOTP disable. See `docs/website/TRUSTED_DEVICES_MFA.md`.
+
+### recovery_codes  — single-use MFA backup codes
+
+Generated at TOTP enrollment (10 at a time, shown to the user **once**) so a user who loses their
+authenticator can complete login without an admin reset. `code_hash VARCHAR(72)` is a **bcrypt** hash
+(not sha256): a recovery code is a human-typed, lower-entropy fallback credential — the closest
+analogue to a password — and there is no hash-lookup constraint (verification fetches the user's ≤10
+unused rows and `bcrypt.compare`s each, like password verification). `used_at` is the single-use
+marker. Cleared wholesale on TOTP disable / password change / password reset.
+
 ---
 
 ## 4. API contract
@@ -233,8 +255,9 @@ accepts `Authorization: Bearer` for API testing).
 ### /auth  (auth.routes.js → auth.controller.js)
 | Method | Path | Auth | Body | Purpose |
 |---|---|---|---|---|
-| POST | `/login` | — (rate-limited) | `{username,password}` | verify, set cookie, log `auth.login`, update `last_login_at` |
+| POST | `/login` | — (rate-limited) | `{username,password}` | verify, set cookie, log `auth.login`, update `last_login_at`. If the account has TOTP **and this browser is a trusted device** (a valid `rg_trust` cookie bound to the user), the TOTP step is **skipped** and a session is issued directly (logs `auth.login.trusted_device`). Otherwise a 2FA account returns `{totpRequired, challenge}`. |
-| POST | `/logout` | cookie | — | clear cookie |
+| POST | `/login/totp` | — (rate-limited) | `{challenge, code? \| recoveryCode?, trustDevice?, deviceName?}` | complete 2FA with a TOTP **or** single-use recovery code. `trustDevice` sets the `rg_trust` cookie so future logins skip TOTP; at the device cap the session is still issued and the body carries `{trustLimitReached, devices}`. |
+| POST | `/logout` | cookie | — | clear cookie (the `rg_trust` trust cookie deliberately **survives** logout) |
 | GET | `/me` | cookie / bearer | — | current user (no hash) or 401 — client bootstraps auth state |
 | POST | `/password/forgot` | — (rate-limited) | `{email}` | email a single-use, ~1h reset link to **every active account** on the address; **always** returns the same generic 200 (no account enumeration). Email is non-unique, so several accounts may each get a link naming their username. Logs `account.password.reset.request`. |
 | GET | `/password/reset/:token` | — | — | validate a link → `{username}` for the form, else 404 (never distinguishes expired/used/never-existed) |
@@ -242,8 +265,13 @@ accepts `Authorization: Bearer` for API testing).
 | GET | `/me/account` | cookie / bearer | — | full self account (`id, username, role, email, status, totp_enabled, has_password`) |
 | PATCH | `/me/account/username` | cookie / bearer (rate-limited) | `{username}` | change own username; re-issues the caller's session |
 | PATCH | `/me/account/password` | cookie / bearer (rate-limited) | `{newPassword, currentPassword?}` | change/set own password (current required unless the account has none); revokes other sessions, keeps the caller's |
-| POST | `/me/account/totp/setup` · `…/enable` · `…/disable` | cookie / bearer | `{code}` on enable/disable | self 2FA enrollment (disable needs a valid current code, not a password) |
+| POST | `/me/account/totp/setup` · `…/enable` · `…/disable` | cookie / bearer | `{code}` on enable/disable | self 2FA enrollment (disable needs a valid current code, not a password). **enable** returns the one-time `recoveryCodes`; **disable** clears the user's trusted devices + recovery codes |
 | GET | `/me/account/identities` · DELETE `…/:provider` | cookie / bearer | — | list / unlink own SSO identities |
+| GET | `/me/trusted-devices` | cookie / bearer | — | list own active trusted devices (never tokens) |
+| POST | `/me/trusted-devices` | cookie / bearer (rate-limited) | `{deviceName?}` | trust the current device; web gets an httpOnly `rg_trust` cookie, native gets `{trustToken}`. **409 `{error:'trusted_device_limit', devices}`** at the cap |
+| DELETE | `/me/trusted-devices` · `…/:id` | cookie / bearer | — | untrust all / one (ownership-scoped) |
+| GET | `/me/account/recovery-codes/status` | cookie / bearer | — | remaining unused code count (never the codes) |
+| POST | `/me/account/recovery-codes/generate` | cookie / bearer (rate-limited, **password step-up**) | `{currentPassword?}` | regenerate the one-time recovery codes (returned once); refused when 2FA is off |
 | POST | `/me/devices` | cookie / bearer | `{endpoint, transport?, platform?}` | register a push endpoint; **rejects a disallowed endpoint 400** (SSRF guard). Idempotent per (user, endpoint) |
 | GET | `/me/devices` · DELETE `…/:id` | cookie / bearer | — | list / unregister own push devices |
 | GET | `/me/notifications/streams` | cookie / bearer | — | the subscribable catalog (`personal`/`requiresLinkedAccount` flags) |
@@ -375,6 +403,9 @@ Public content GETs pass through the **siteMode** gate (§5).
 | GET | `/settings` · PUT `/settings` | read all / update `{key:value,...}` |
 | GET | `/activity?limit=&offset=` | paginated activity log |
 | GET | `/users` · POST `/users` · PUT `/users/:id` · DELETE `/users/:id` | user mgmt (can't delete self / last admin; password hashed on write) |
+| GET | `/users/:id/trusted-devices` | list a user's active trusted devices (never tokens) |
+| DELETE | `/users/:id/trusted-devices` · `…/:deviceId` | revoke all / one of a user's trusted devices (logs `admin.trusted_device.revoke[_all]`) |
+| POST | `/users/:id/mfa/reset` | recover a locked-out user: disable TOTP + revoke all trusted devices + clear recovery codes (logs `admin.user.totp.reset`) |
 
 Every admin write logs to `activity_log`.
 
@@ -405,7 +436,8 @@ who"; `activity_log` provides the history feed.
 ## 6. Auth & security
 
 - **JWT** signed with `JWT_SECRET`, `expiresIn=JWT_EXPIRES_IN` (default `1d`); payload `{id,username,role}`.
-- **Cookie**: `httpOnly`, `sameSite=Lax`, `path=/`, and **`secure` decided per-request** (`COOKIE_SECURE=auto` → `secure: req.secure`). This is the key to dual access: the cookie is `Secure` when reached through Pangolin (HTTPS, `X-Forwarded-Proto: https`) but **not** `Secure` when reached directly over the LAN IP on plain HTTP — so login works in both. `COOKIE_SECURE=true|false` can force it. Requires `trust proxy` (below). `localhost:5173` (Vite) and `localhost:3000` are same-site, so the cookie flows in dev too.
+- **Cookie**: `httpOnly`, `sameSite=Lax`, `path=/`, and **`secure` decided per-request** (`COOKIE_SECURE=auto` → `secure: req.secure`).
+- **Trusted-device MFA.** A second, separate httpOnly cookie (`rg_trust`, default 30d) — opaque, sha256-hashed server-side in `trusted_devices` — lets a browser/app **skip the TOTP step** (never the password) on future logins. It is a server-side, per-row-revocable record (never a JWT claim), so the stateless session JWT is unchanged and trust stays revocable. It only ever gates the **second factor**; it deliberately outlives logout, and is cleared on untrust / password change / password reset / TOTP disable. **Recovery codes** (bcrypt, single-use) are the 2FA-lockout fallback. All admin trusted-device/MFA actions and the self actions (`auth.login.trusted_device`, `account.trusted_device.*`, `account.recovery_code*`, `admin.trusted_device.*`, `admin.user.totp.reset`) are audit-logged. See `docs/website/TRUSTED_DEVICES_MFA.md`. This is the key to dual access: the cookie is `Secure` when reached through Pangolin (HTTPS, `X-Forwarded-Proto: https`) but **not** `Secure` when reached directly over the LAN IP on plain HTTP — so login works in both. `COOKIE_SECURE=true|false` can force it. Requires `trust proxy` (below). `localhost:5173` (Vite) and `localhost:3000` are same-site, so the cookie flows in dev too.
 - **bcrypt** hashing (cost 10+); plaintext passwords never stored, logged, or returned.
 - **Rate limiting** (`express-rate-limit`) on `/auth/login` and `/public/contact`.
 - **Validation** (`express-validator`) on all writes; centralized error handler.

website/TRUSTED_DEVICES_MFA.md

@@ -0,0 +1,210 @@
+# Trusted Devices & MFA Improvements — Design & Implementation Plan
+
+> Reference plan for the trusted-device + MFA hardening work. Approved 2026-07-21.
+> This document is the contract the implementation builds against; keep it in sync
+> with `BACKEND_DESIGN.md` (§3 schema, §4 API, §6 security) as code lands.
+
+## 1. Goal & scope
+
+Reduce 2FA friction without weakening the second-factor boundary, and close the
+2FA-lockout gap. Four deliverables:
+
+1. **Trusted devices** — an opt-in "Trust this device" that lets a browser or the
+   Android app **skip the TOTP step** (never the password) on future logins for a
+   fixed window.
+2. **Recovery / backup codes** — single-use codes generated at 2FA enrollment so a
+   user who loses their authenticator can self-recover instead of needing an admin
+   reset.
+3. **Admin-managed revocation** — staff can view and revoke a user's trusted
+   devices and reset their MFA, with full audit logging (**backend endpoints _and_
+   admin front-end screens**).
+4. **Step-up (password) for sensitive operations** — reusing the existing
+   `currentPassword`-verification pattern; disabling TOTP keeps its stronger
+   current-TOTP-code requirement.
+
+Touches `website/` (server + client), `docs/`, and `android-app/` (plan only in
+this pass). **No** `link/` or `servuo-plugins/` change — no wire-protocol impact.
+
+### Approved decisions
+
+| Decision | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Trust duration | **30 days** (matches mobile refresh-token lifetime) |
+| Roles eligible | **All roles** (no staff carve-out) |
+| Opt-in model | **Explicit "Trust this device" checkbox, default off** |
+| Recovery codes | **10 codes**, shown **once**, single-use |
+| Trusted-device cap | **10 per user, no silent pruning** (see §5) |
+| Trust-token hashing | **sha256** |
+| Recovery-code hashing | **bcrypt** (cost 10) |
+
+## 2. Current state (starting point)
+
+- **One session service** (`server/src/auth/session.service.js`) backs web (JWT
+  `httpOnly` cookie, 1d) and mobile (15m access JWT + 30d opaque refresh token).
+  `requireAuth` accepts either via `token.extractToken()`.
+- **TOTP** is opt-in per user (`users.totp_secret` / `totp_enabled`), demanded on
+  **every** login. Web uses a staged 5-min `stage:'totp'` challenge; mobile uses a
+  single-request `401 { totpRequired }`. **No recovery codes** exist today.
+- **Device tracking exists only on mobile** (`mobile_refresh_tokens` rows with
+  `device_name` / `device_hash` / `user_agent` / `last_used_at`). Web JWTs are
+  stateless with no per-session row.
+- **Revocation is mature:** `revoked_sessions` (jti denylist) + `tokens_valid_after`
+  (per-user cutoff) for web; per-token rows + `revokeAllForUser` for mobile.
+- **No trusted-device or step-up concept exists anywhere.**
+
+## 3. Hashing rationale
+
+The repo already splits hashing by secret entropy, and this plan follows it:
+
+- **sha256** — every high-entropy machine-generated opaque token
+  (`mobile_refresh_tokens`, `mobile_auth_codes`, `user_invites`, `password_resets`,
+  SSO PKCE). **Trusted-device tokens use sha256:** they are 256-bit random values
+  (nothing to brute-force) looked up **by a `token_hash UNIQUE` index**, which
+  requires a deterministic hash — bcrypt's per-row salt would break the lookup and
+  truncates input at 72 bytes.
+- **bcrypt (`bcryptjs`, cost 10)** — the repo uses it only for **passwords**, the
+  one human-chosen low-entropy secret. **Recovery codes use bcrypt:** they are a
+  human-typed, lower-entropy fallback credential that grants a login (the closest
+  analogue to a password), and there is no hash-lookup constraint — we fetch the
+  identified user's ≤10 code rows and `bcrypt.compare` each, exactly like password
+  verification.
+
+## 4. Database (additive, idempotent — matches `schema.sql` style)
+
+### `trusted_devices`
+Pattern-identical to `mobile_refresh_tokens`; stores only the token hash.
+
+| Column | Type | Notes |
+|---|---|---|
+| id | INT PK AUTO_INCREMENT | |
+| user_id | INT NOT NULL | FK → users, `ON DELETE CASCADE` |
+| token_hash | CHAR(64) NOT NULL UNIQUE | sha256 hex of the opaque trust token |
+| platform | ENUM('web','mobile') NOT NULL DEFAULT 'web' | |
+| device_name | VARCHAR(100) NULL | friendly label |
+| device_hash | VARCHAR(32) NULL | best-effort UA+IP, **display only** |
+| user_agent | VARCHAR(255) NULL | |
+| created_at | DATETIME NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP | |
+| last_used_at | DATETIME NULL | stamped when trust is honored at login |
+| expires_at | DATETIME NOT NULL | created_at + 30d |
+| revoked_at | DATETIME NULL | |
+
+Indices: `idx_td_user (user_id)`, `idx_td_expires (expires_at)`.
+
+### `recovery_codes`
+| Column | Type | Notes |
+|---|---|---|
+| id | INT PK AUTO_INCREMENT | |
+| user_id | INT NOT NULL | FK → users, `ON DELETE CASCADE` |
+| code_hash | VARCHAR(72) NOT NULL | **bcrypt** hash of one code |
+| used_at | DATETIME NULL | single-use marker |
+| created_at | DATETIME NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP | |
+
+Index: `idx_rc_user (user_id)`.
+
+No new `users` column: password change/reset and TOTP-disable **bulk-revoke**
+`trusted_devices` rows and **delete** `recovery_codes` (consistent with
+`revokeAllForUser`), so no "trust epoch" column is needed.
+
+## 5. Trusted-device cap — no silent pruning
+
+Cap = **10**. A shared `assertUnderTrustCap(userId)` guards both entry points (the
+login/TOTP trust path and the authenticated "trust this device" path). On the 11th
+attempt the backend **refuses to create the row** and returns
+`409 { error: 'trusted_device_limit', devices: [...] }`. Login itself still
+succeeds — only the trust marker is withheld. The web client then renders a modal
+**in the same visual pattern as the TOTP entry flow** that:
+
+1. shows the existing trusted devices,
+2. requires revoking ≥1 before continuing,
+3. completes via `POST /auth/me/trusted-devices` (trust current device), and
+4. offers **Cancel**, which returns without creating any trust entry.
+
+## 6. API additions
+
+### Auth (login paths)
+- `POST /auth/login` — after password verify, if a valid unrevoked `rg_trust`
+  cookie matches a live `trusted_devices` row for this user → **skip TOTP**, issue
+  the session, log `auth.login.trusted_device`, stamp `last_used_at`. Otherwise
+  unchanged (`{ totpRequired, challenge }`).
+- `POST /auth/login/totp` — gains optional `trustDevice` + `deviceName`, and
+  accepts a **recovery code** as an alternative to the TOTP code (single-use). On
+  success with `trustDevice`, mint the opaque trust token, set the `rg_trust`
+  cookie, insert the row (subject to the cap → `409` signal).
+- `POST /auth/mobile/login` — gains `trustDevice` / `recoveryCode`; returns a
+  `trustToken` the app stores in EncryptedSharedPreferences and replays on a later
+  login to skip TOTP. Same cap behavior.
+
+### Self-service (`/auth/me/*`, `requireAuth`, any role)
+- `GET /auth/me/trusted-devices` — list active trusted devices (never tokens).
+- `POST /auth/me/trusted-devices` — trust the current browser/device (cap-checked).
+- `DELETE /auth/me/trusted-devices/:id` — revoke one (ownership-scoped).
+- `DELETE /auth/me/trusted-devices` — revoke all ("untrust everywhere").
+- `POST /auth/me/account/recovery-codes/generate` — **password step-up required**;
+  returns the codes **once**.
+- `GET /auth/me/account/recovery-codes/status` — remaining count only.
+
+### Admin (`requireRole('admin')`)
+- `GET /admin/users/:id/trusted-devices` — list a user's trusted devices.
+- `DELETE /admin/users/:id/trusted-devices/:deviceId` — revoke one.
+- `DELETE /admin/users/:id/trusted-devices` — revoke all.
+- MFA reset control (revoke trust + disable TOTP + clear recovery codes).
+
+## 7. Cookie / refresh / JWT interaction
+
+- New **`rg_trust`** cookie: `httpOnly`, `sameSite=Lax`, `secure` per-request
+  (reuse `cookieSecure`), `path=/`, `maxAge` 30d, opaque 256-bit base64url,
+  sha256-hashed server-side. **Separate from the session cookie and deliberately
+  survives logout** (so the next login skips 2FA); only untrust / password-change /
+  TOTP-disable revoke it.
+- **JWTs stay stateless and unchanged** — trust is a server-side cookie+row, never
+  a JWT claim, so it remains revocable.
+- **Refresh flow untouched** — trust is consulted only at the login/password step,
+  never at token refresh; the two stores stay independent.
+
+## 8. Security & invalidation
+
+- Trust **only ever gates the second factor**; password is always required.
+- Recovery-code entry reuses the login brute-force stack (backoff + bot scoring +
+  rate limits); recovery codes are single-use.
+- **Password change/reset and TOTP-disable clear trust and recovery codes.**
+- **Audit logging** via existing `activity.log` / `activity_log`:
+  `auth.login.trusted_device`, `account.trusted_device.add` / `.revoke` /
+  `.revoke_all`, `account.recovery_codes.generate`, `account.recovery_code.consume`,
+  and admin `admin.trusted_device.revoke` / `.revoke_all`, `admin.user.totp.reset`
+  — each with actor, target user, and device id in `detail`.
+
+## 9. Backwards compatibility
+
+Fully additive. With no `rg_trust` cookie the behavior is exactly today's (TOTP
+every login). Recovery codes exist only for users who generate them. No existing
+session or login flow changes shape. New tables via `CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS`
+and columns via `ALTER TABLE … ADD COLUMN IF NOT EXISTS`.
+
+## 10. Implementation roadmap
+
+1. **Schema + models** — `trusted_devices` (sha256, cap-checked) + `recovery_codes`
+   (bcrypt); `.db.js` / `.model.js` pairs mirroring `mobileSessions`.
+2. **Session service** — trust-token mint/sha256/verify + recovery-code
+   generate/bcrypt-verify/consume helpers (pure, DB-free); shared
+   `assertUnderTrustCap()`.
+3. **Web login** — trust-cookie skip in `/auth/login`; `trustDevice` / recovery
+   handling + cap `409` in `/auth/login/totp`; set/clear `rg_trust`.
+4. **Mobile login** — `trustDevice` / `trustToken` / `recoveryCode`, same cap.
+5. **Self-service + admin backend** — `/auth/me/trusted-devices*` + recovery-code
+   endpoints; `/admin/users/:id/trusted-devices*` + MFA reset (all admin-gated).
+6. **Invalidation wiring** — password change/reset & TOTP-disable revoke trust +
+   delete recovery codes.
+7. **Web client UI** — "Trust this device" checkbox; cap-reached TOTP-styled modal
+   (revoke-to-continue / cancel); user Trusted Devices + Recovery Codes screens.
+8. **Admin front-end UI** — admin Trusted Devices management & revocation screens
+   (per-user list, revoke one / revoke all, MFA reset), wired to step 5.
+9. **Android** — record the app-side trust/recovery flow in
+   `docs/android/PLAN.md`; app implementation sequenced after the backend lands.
+10. **OpenAPI + docs** — `#swagger.*` on every new/modified route + regenerate
+    `server/swagger/swagger-output.json`; update `BACKEND_DESIGN.md` §3/§4/§6.
+11. **Automated tests** — trusted-device login skip (valid / missing / expired /
+    revoked), token mint+hash, recovery-code single-use consume + wrong-code
+    backoff, cap `409` behavior, revocation (self + admin), invalidation on
+    password-change / TOTP-disable, and permission checks (admin routes reject
+    non-admins; self routes ownership-scoped); web client pure-logic tests; Android
+    JVM DTO/repository tests.